Satellite

The Aqua (EOS PM-1) and Terra (EOS AM-1) satellites were launched by NASA in 2002 and 1999 respectively, and each of them contains the MODIS (Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) sensor. These satellites form a portion of the Earth’s Observing System, or NASA EOS, and work synchronously around the sun while orbiting near the poles of the earth. Up to date, the five-year lifespan Aqua and Terra MODIS sensors obtain high quality data.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Satellite-Based Remote Sensing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Specifically, the MODIS sensor was engineered to assist in global atmospheric research, that is, both in the ocean and on land. With a viewing swath of about 2 330 kilometers, the satellites have the ability of making complete cycles in less than two days. While the Aqua satellite travels from south to north around 1:30 p.m., the Terra satellite moves in the opposite d irection about 10:30 a.m. local time (Esaias, 1998, p. 1255). Accordingly, the two satellites receive data in over 36 spectral bands. The MODIS remote sensor products vary from land, cryosphere, calibration, oceans, and to the atmosphere. Again, the instrument has resolutions of 250m, 500m and 1000m. Additionally, most of the MODIS products and ocean color bands resemble the SeaWiFS, which have a 1000m resolution size. There are various types of ocean color coded channels and their applications as shown in the table below (Morel, 1977, p. 720). Primary Application Band Bandwidth (nm) Central Wavelength (nm) Pixel size (nm) Ozone 8 405 – 420 411.3 1000 Cloud top 9 438 – 448 442.0 1000 Water vapor 10 483 – 493 486.9 1000 Cloud 11 526 – 536 529.6 1000 Biogeochemistry 12 546 – 556 546.8 1000 Water vapor 13 662 – 672 665.5 1000 Ozone 14 673 – 683 676.8 1000 Cloud top 15 743 – 753 746.4 1000 Altitude 16 862 †“ 877 886.2 1000 Moreover, MODIS sensors have got several quality water applications. One such application was done in Lake Flathead, Montana. In regard to the general features of the lake, it is 113m deep, covers a total area of 480 km2, and is among the largest naturally occurring freshwater lakes at the moment. However, this oligotrophic lake underwent rising eutrophication processes in 1977 and 2001. In addition, it experienced two macroalgae lakewide blooms that significantly reduced its water quality as a result of anthropogenic nutrient input. Consequently, when it was surveyed during 2004 and 2005, the results revealed a temperature range that was between 8.3 and 22.60C, Secchi depths between 1.5 and 17 m, and chlorophyll-a levels between 0.1 to 0.9 mg/m3 (Clark et al., 1970, p. 1120). After that, the researchers used transmissometers and fluorometers to obtain various depths of the lake at different intervals. Also, productivity indicators such as chlorophyll content a nd turbidity concentrations were determined using a medium resolution MODIS sensor. Furthermore, water quality parameters were retrieved from the sensor by application of the Single Correlated Scattering Radiance and the Atmospherically Corrected Reflectance approaches. Results indicated that the highest level of turbidity and chlorophyll content occurred at the thermocline and at a depth of about 20m.Advertising Looking for coursework on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Again, the researchers concluded that Single Correlated Scattering Radiance was a better approach since it provided reliable and credible data. However, it was noted that either of the two approaches could be used at different times of the year since there was co-variance of parameters. The researchers concluded that problems were presented when a specific consistent algorithm was used. To determine if the sensor was able to evaluate wate r quality fluctuations, the researchers formulated a daily Two Time Complete Series approach. From the results, the sensor detected inputs from river discharges and particulate depositions from the atmosphere at weekly or monthly basis. Having obtained this information, the researchers concluded that the MODIS remote sensor was able to monitor the quality of water in Lake Flathead (Reza, 2008, p. 801). On the other hand, the coastal areas of the United Arab Emirates often experience oil spills, and this presents serious environmental concerns. Such catastrophe often worsens once proper monitoring mechanisms are not put into place. Fortunately, the MODIS remote sensor can guarantee maximum surveillance if put into use and properly managed. During its application, key responsibilities of the MODIS remote sensor include detecting and evaluating the amount of oil spillage. To discriminate oil spills, a 250m spatial resolution of the MODIS sensor is set since oil spills involve a small s urface area. To help the investigator distinguish surface water phenomena from objects like ships, it is important to enhance data contrast by making some adjustments on the 250m bands2 of the sensor (Li et al., 2003, p.559). Again, to ensure that the region of interest enables the researcher to determine both the maximum and minimum values regarding the area of oil spillage, shadows resulting from oil are excluded since they may give a false impression of oil (Fingas, 2000, p.25). In the Republic of South Africa, a similar application of the sensor was successfully done, and the following figure representing oil spillage under sunlight was then generated in 25th May, 2005. Reference List Clark, G. L., Ewing, G. C., Lorenzen, C. J. (1970). Spectra of backscattered light from the sea obtained from aircraft as a measure of chlorophyll concentration. Science, 167, 1119-1121.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Satellite-Based Remote Sensing specifically for yo u for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Esaias, W. E. (1998). An overview of MODIS capabilities for ocean science observations. IEEE Transactions on Geosciences and Remote Sensing, 36, 1250-1265. Fingas, M. (2000). Oil-spill remote sensing. Sea Technol., 41, 21-26. Li, R., Kaufman, Y. J., Gao, B. (2003). Remote sensing of suspended sediments and shallow coastal waters. IEEE Trans. Geosc. Remote Sens., 41, 559. Morel, A., Prieur, L. (1977). Analysis of variations in ocean color. Limnol  Oceanogr, 22, 709-722. Reza, M. (2008). Assessment of Suspended Sediments Concentration in Surface Waters Using MODIS Images. Am. J. Appl. Sc., 5, 798-804. This coursework on Satellite-Based Remote Sensing was written and submitted by user Jayden E. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

buy custom Competitiveness and Strategies of the Cruise Industry essay

buy custom Competitiveness and Strategies of the Cruise Industry essay The cruise industry has its origins in the United States of America and the industry is widely believed to have started in1900. One of the most famous cruise ships is the Titanic. Since 1980, the industry has grown to provide its clients with more than just basic services (Mancini 2010). Today, land based resorts are among the numerous facilities that the cruise ship industry provides to its clients. The cruise ship business has very little competition due to the prohibitive costs of entering into the business, maintaining the ships, and the economies of scale. However, the industry is constantly facing competition from other players that provide leisure and vacation services, which are land based such as sightseeing, mountain climbing, and thematic parks among others. Players in the cruise ship industry have previously invested and receive revenue from its cruise ship passengers. In recent times however, most of them have expanded their operations to include land based resort vacations to increase their customer base and consequently, boosting their revenues. Here they face stiff competition, as there are several businesses or organizations specializing in the resort vacation businesses. These are able to provide a wide variety of services for clients from all economic backgrounds, tastes and preferences. The resort vacation experience that was offered by most cruise ships in the 1990s has turned out to be quite profitable. The cruise ship companies aggressively market these resort vacations, which consist of excursions and sightseeing among others (Mancini 2010). The companies, unlike other resort vacation operators, have more purchasing and bargaining power and this has forced other industry players to resort to enter into mergers with the cruise ships resort vacations enterprise. The companies resort vacations have private islands and specialized shopping centers on these islands which are exclusive to their clients only whereby their clients do not have to experience the overcrowding and possible crimes that are associated with other players Buy custom Competitiveness and Strategies of the Cruise Industry essay

Social Biases Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Social Biases Paper - Essay Example Prejudicial attitudes are dangerous because these are based on mere beliefs or impressions which can be very far from the truth. It can lead to wrong assumptions and then lead further into erroneous actions or judgment on someone who may fit a certain stereotype. Some of the ways to avoid prejudice is to keep an open mind and see a person for what he or she is and dispose of the preconceived notions one may have against another individual. Another is to have adequate and open channels of communication to prevent prejudice from taking more sinister forms such as an action that is discriminatory or exclusionary which is what happens if a person has the wrong or incomplete information to make an informed and wise decision. Biases are dangerous traits because it prevents rational arguments from influencing a rigid outlook or viewpoint from being changed and corrected. A biased person therefore can be said to have a warped mind and precludes an impartial judgment on any matter being discu ssed. Most of biased persons end up as bigots who are inflexibly intolerant of other people and their opinions; it can lead to conflicts from an irrational fear, hatred or suspicion of a particular group. Discussion Prejudice pertains to the attitudes of a person towards a particular group that is not totally correct because these are based on incomplete or wrong information. Prejudice can be thought of as a form of latent discrimination because there is as yet no actual action taken by that person to express or externalize those distorted attitudes, values and beliefs. Prejudice can vary in intensity or mode of expression but all its forms exhibit a negative sentiment towards a certain group or to an individual belonging to that group (Brown, 2010, p. 35). Although not outwardly manifested, prejudice has serious consequences for any society because of its adverse impact on any target. On the other hand, stereotyping of people is putting them into â€Å"neat† categories which are often mistaken because these are based on the wrong beliefs, or in short, a prejudiced viewpoint. A stereotype is an over-simplified conception, notion, representation or image that conforms to a particular set of characteristics of a group of people but disregards any individual traits. It is very damaging to a person because that particular person may not have the same group features. It is a bad to stereotype someone because it imputes negative attributes (Zanna & Olson, 1994, p. 1). A person who classifies people because of unique characteristics is guilty of stereotyping. Lastly, discrimination is the overt manifestation of prejudice and stereotyping. It is external and expressed through actions which are favorable to one group and injurious to another group. Discrimination results from the prejudices of a person who then makes a distinction between the stereotypes of a certain group to which an individual belongs and makes a decision based on the group's features or chara cteristics and no longer on the individual merits of a person. Different Kinds of Biases – the subtle bias is often unconsciously practiced by the person. It means he or she is even not aware of the inherent bias. More distressingly, a subtle bias is very hard to detect by the persons

Eaarth book Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Eaarth book - Essay Example The author begins by exploring environmental problems in the current earth or changes that people have caused on the planet. Global warming is a direct consequence of human activity. However, people deal with the problem as a future problem instead of considering it as a modern problem. This makes them to lack seriousness or emphasis on the problem and possible solutions. The phenomenon has also contributed to the abnormalities and misplacement of priorities in the modern earth. For instance, it is only in the eaarth where people will import more oil than food. In addition, in eaarth the largest company deals with production of fossil fuels and manufacture of cars instead of food production (McKibben 25). The misplaced priorities are the determinant of our modern economies. The author argues that most countries are concerned with economic growth than the effects that environmental growth has on their economies. According to the author, the different methods used to measure economic growth are invalid. This is because the different measures of economic growth do not indicate the actual economic position of a country. For instance, measures of economic growth in a country do not capture the effect of economic activities on the environment. â€Å"Therefore, we need to re-define the term growth in our new planet† (McKibben 48). In the second chapter, the author combines scientific findings and political aspirations to create political economics. This indicates that people have left the responsibility of the environment to global politicians. According to the author’s argument, politicians cannot provide solutions by themselves. As wealthy countries such as the US plan for a n unlimited economic growth, poor nations are struggling with problems that have resulted from environmental degradation. This indicates that we are moving towards a dark future. These problems nullifies the claims that people in developed have over

Removing Hurdles of Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Removing Hurdles of Management - Case Study Example The first understanding that must be referenced has to do with the need for effective management techniques that can provide for a culture of success within the new expansion. Whereas the provision of certain products to the consumer is ultimately the means by which the company could hope to become successful, the establishment of an effective culture within the company, and exhibited amongst its employees, will also have a tangential and direct effect on whether or not consumers will be satisfied with the products and will seek to repeat the buying experience in the future (Gorden, 2009). Likewise, management should seek to promote a level of unified and uniform training of its employee base so that they will be capable and knowledgeable with respect to understanding unique nonverbal cues that the consumers might provide them (Mollins, 2008). For instance, Shaun Gallagher would promote interaction theory as a means of developing a level of social and psychological understanding in t erms of the way in which the consumer react and the means by which the salesperson or staff member engages with that. Rather than merely providing employees with a certain set of expected statements or product promotion that they can provide, interactional theory would encourage management to place a specific focus on the level and extent to which money is directed towards training sales numbers in terms of how they should respond from a nonverbal point of view (Marpin, 2013). Â  Likewise, in attempting to craft an effective firm, Burn’s theory of leadership as such, would indicate that stakeholders within management should either practice a transactional form of leadership or a transformational leadership (Oppenheimer, 2013). As such, the transactional form of leadership is one in which the leader focuses on building relationships between the leaders and followers.

Anne Bradstreet The Puritan Poet English Literature Essay

Anne Bradstreet The Puritan Poet English Literature Essay Anne Bradstreet was a puritan poet in the 17th century. She experienced hardships throughout her life, but she did the best she could to live by God. She often expressed her thoughts and emotions throughout her poetry. In terms of puritan ideals Bradstreets poetry closely reflected her personal faith in God and the kingdom. Anne Bradstreet was born in Northampton, England in 1612. Her father, Thomas Dudley, was a puritan, but Bradstreet loved to read and seemed to be drawn to the puritan world herself. At the age of 16 she married Simon Bradstreet who was also a puritan. As a child she found much comfort in reading the scriptures. However, during her childhood Bradstreet experienced many moments of ill health. And as an adult, she gave birth to eight children, but only one survived. In spite of her hardships Bradstreet continued on her journey to authorship. Puritanism back then was considered to be a way of life. Its ideal may be best expressed as living in the world without actually being a part of it. A puritan remained strict with morals, and their religion. Puritans believed it was necessary to to live on the earth, and abide by the laws given, but kept in mind that eventually this world would pass. So, that meant the puritans tried to contain a balance between this world and the next. There was no way to safely turn their back on the world since God had created it, and found it to be good. But they could not rely on the security of an earthly world either. However, just as any imperfect human being would, Bradstreet struggled to maintain her faith at times by rebelling and submitting. But just because she may have had doubts did not make her any less of a puritan. She expressed these feelings in poetry as well discussing struggles between her love for this world, and reliance on the next. This was not an attempt for rebelliousness but her attempt of achieving the puritan way of life. Bradstreet not only wrote about events that occurred in her life, but she wrote about the people in it. For example, the poems about her husband whom she loved very much. In To My Dear and Loving Husband, Bradstreet wrote about the love for her husband but created it to be in harmony with the love for God. Puritans were taught that if a husband and wife did not express love towards each other than they disobeyed God. In the last 2 lines The heavens reward thee manifold I pray. Then while we live, in love lets so persevere. That when we live no more, we may live ever (105 Daly). In these lines she expresses her obedience to God, and how she looks to him. She is determined to maintain love in her marriage until the day they die no matter what they may face. Therefore, when they do pass, they will meet in heaven and be together forever. In A Letter to Her Husband, Absent Upon Public Employment Bradstreet wrote about what her husbands love meant to her. Not only does she use symbolism, but she uses a metaphysical approach. In this poem her husband is absent, and she misses him dearly. She goes on to describe how lonely she feels without him, and compares herself to being like the earth without a sun. For her, he is like the sun providing warmth, so without him she is cold and numb. In Upon the Burning of our House Bradstreet shows a brief attachment to materialism, and realizes if it was meant to be then so be it. In this poem her house has burnt down, and she is feeling down. In the beginning she is observing everything that will no longer be used. But she does not lose faith, and keeps in mind that God has the power to give and take as he pleases. Therefore, she puts all her trust in God that he can and will provide for her. In The Author to Her Book Bradstreet wrote of her own faults. She is honest of pointing out her own flaws. I believe the poem is about her work being ready to be published, and seen by others, but she is not ready. She is supposed to have the pure image of a puritan, but she may have fallen short in some areas. Bradstreet feels like she is going to be judged by all, and it is not going to be positive feedback. The tone of the poem is frustration and worry. I cast thee by as one unfit for lightà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Thy blemishes amend, if so I co uld: I washed thy face, but more defects I saw, and rubbing of a spot, still made a flaw. I stretched thy to joints to make thee even feet, yet still thou runst more hobbling than is meet (102 George Perkins). However, in the Prologue, Bradstreet wrote about herself and her limitations as a woman. Bradstreet is proud of who she is, and what she has become. But she does not forget how women are viewed differently, and how men may judge her as a woman trying to be a poet. Other women in England seemed to have the same attitude and feelings of their sex. Why cant they be looked upon as equals? Bradstreet just expressed herself more bluntly than most. A sense of pride and belief in herself was required if she wanted to become known as a poet in the 17th century. She expresses this in Who says my hand a needle better fits, A poets pen all scorn I should thus wrong, For such despite they cast on female wits (10 Watts). In Bradstreets works she displays a sense of spirituality, but in others she seems to be her own judge. She realizes herself, her flaws and where she falls short. Over all, she kept her faith pretty well. Work Cited Bercovitch, Sacvan. The American Puritan Imagination. Cambridge University Press 1974. 107- 108. Daly, Robert. Gods Altar: The World and the Flesh In Puritan Poetry. University of California Press 1978. 93, 100, 104, 106-107. Perkins, George. The American Literature. 12th Ed. McGraw-Hill 2009. 92-92. Watts Stripes Emily. Poetry of American Women from 1632 to 1945. University of Texas Press 1977. 10-12.

The Taming of the Shrew Katherine :: Taming Shrew Essays

The Taming of the Shrew Katherine In William Shakespeare's play, The Taming of the Shrew, the shrew played by Katherine, had a terrible outlook on life and just about everything else. Her negativity was caused by her younger, more beautiful sister Bianca. Bianca wanted to get married. She had all of the men's hearts, Katherine had none. If Katherine got married then Bianca could get married. She truly was a shrew who needed to be tamed. Petruchio came to Padua. Petruchio could tame Katherine for the right amount of money. Before Petruchio's arrival, Katherine, the terriable, untamed shrew, caused problems with everyone. All that knew her hated her. She felt very jealous of her beautiful sister Bianca, because of her suitors and her beauty. Katherine tries to start fights with Bianca all of the time. She even hit Bianca. No one wanted to marry Katherine until Petruchio arrives in Padua to find a wife. "I come to wives it wealthy in Padua; If wealthy, then happily in Padua" (ShakespeareIii76-77). He and one of Bianca's suitors, Luciento had a conversation. As a joke, Luciento mentioned to Petruchio marry Katherine. Petruchio though of the profit and thought it could be great. "Petruchio can have no illusions about the fabled shrew, Katherine, for others are quick to tell him quite frankly what to expect"(Vaughn27). Petruchio and Katherine's father meet and decide that Petruchio will get twenty-thousand crowns if he weds Katherine. Petruchio and Katherine meet and they do not start off on the best of terms. But Petruchio decides they should get married anyway and he sets a date. Petruchio then leaves to get ready for the wedding . The wedding day arrives and Petruchio arrives at the wedding in ridiculous clothing and drunk. During the ceremony he hits the priest. During their own reception Petruchio demands that they shall leave, now the taming begins. Now the taming begins. Once they leave the wedding and are en route to Petruchio's home in Verona, Kate has to ride a burrow through the rain while Petruchio rides a horse. During their trip back many bad things happen to Kate. When they arrive at Petruchio's home Katherine could not fufill her needs of sleep and food with Petruchio's excuses of the food not being good enough and the bed not being good enough for her.